Sprinkler Irrigation as a Management Practice for \u3ci\u3eBemisia Tabaci\u3c/i\u3e (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Cotton Fields

Field experiments were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to investigate the effect of irrigation method on populations of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and natural enemies in cotton fields in Aydın Province, Turkey. Two irrigation methods, sprinkler and border, were studied each year. All plots were irrigated during different phenological periods including initial bloom, boll initiation, 50% boll filling and 5-10% boll opening stages. Irrigation methods and periods significantly affected whitefly populations. Densities of B. tabaci were significantly reduced in sprinkler-irrigated plots compared to border-irrigated plots in 2000 but not in 1999. Irrigation methods did not affect the population of natural enemies. However, significant differences in numbers of natural enemies were observed among irrigation periods. Natural enemies were most abundant during the second irrigation period when whiteflies were also most abundant. These results suggest that sprinkler irrigation may be useful in cotton fields as a management practice for whitefly without reducing natural enemy populations

Sprinkler Irrigation as a Management Practice for \u3ci\u3eBemisia Tabaci\u3c/i\u3e (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Cotton Fields

Field experiments were conducted in 1999 and 2000 to investigate the effect of irrigation method on populations of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and natural enemies in cotton fields in Aydın Province, Turkey. Two irrigation methods, sprinkler and border, were studied each year. All plots were irrigated during different phenological periods including initial bloom, boll initiation, 50% boll filling and 5-10% boll opening stages. Irrigation methods and periods significantly affected whitefly populations. Densities of B. tabaci were significantly reduced in sprinkler-irrigated plots compared to border-irrigated plots in 2000 but not in 1999. Irrigation methods did not affect the population of natural enemies. However, significant differences in numbers of natural enemies were observed among irrigation periods. Natural enemies were most abundant during the second irrigation period when whiteflies were also most abundant. These results suggest that sprinkler irrigation may be useful in cotton fields as a management practice for whitefly without reducing natural enemy populations

Effects of different irrigation methods and irrigation regimes on cotton fiber quality in Aydın province

Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliğinde 1998,1999 ve 2000 yıllarında yürütülen bu çalışmada, pamukta farklı sulama yöntemi ve su düzeylerinin kütlü kalitesi özellikleri (lif inceliği, lif uzunluğu, lif mukavemeti, çırçır randımanı ve 100 tohum ağırlığı) üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Araştırma, üç tekerrürlü ve iki faktörlü split plot deneme desenine göre kurulmuştur. Denemelerde uzun tava, karık ve damla olmak üzere üç sulama yöntemiyle, her sulamada bitki etkili kök derinliğindeki eksik nemin %100, %66, %33'ünün karşılandığı sulama konularının üç su düzeyi incelenmiştir. Araştırmada sulamalar, pamuk bitkisinin sulama yönünden kritik olarak kabul edilen tarak oluşumu, çiçeklenme, koza oluşumu ve kozaların açılmaya başlama dönemi olmak üzere dört dönemde yapılmıştır. Kalite özellikleri kullanılarak yapılan varyans analizi sonuçlarına göre, gerek sulama yöntemi gerekse su düzeyinin, her üç yılda da lif mukavemeti, lif uzunluğu, çırçır randımanı ve 100 tohum ağırlığı üzerine etkisinin önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmada konulara uygulanan sulama suyu miktarı 181.0 mm - 798.6 mm arasında değişmiştir. Diğer taraftan elde edilen bitki su tüketimi değerleri ise 357.0 mm -1037.7 mm arasında değişmiştir.This research was conducted to determine the effect of different irrigation methods and levels on quality parameters (fiber thickness, fiber lenght, fiber strenght, fiber percentage and 100 seed weight) of cotton in the Research andApplication Farm of Faculty ofAgriculture atAdnan Menderes University during the years of 1998, 1999 and 2000. Experiment was setup in split plot design with two factors and three replications. In the trials, three irrigation methods (border, furrow and trickle) and three irrigation levels (% 100,%66, %33), that covers of the deficient moisture in the crop root zone were investigated. In this study, the application of irrigation were done an four specific growth stages which are very sensitive to water stres of cotton ; bud formation, flowering , boll formation and opennig of boll stages. According to the research results, irrigation methods and irrigation levels were both significantly affected the fiber strenght, fiber lenght, fiber percentage and 100 seed weight in three years. The amounts of applied irrigation water ranged between 181.0 - 798.6 mm. Seasonal water consumption values ranged between 357.0mm and 1037.7mmin irrigation treatments

Water-yield relationship of cotton ırrigated by sprinkler method under Aydın plain conditions

Aydın Ovası koşullarında 1999-2000 yıllarında yürütülen bu araştırmada, yağmurlama sulama yöntemiyle sulanan pamuğun su-verim fonksiyonlarının elde edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada tekil lateral yağmurlama sistemi kullanılarak farklı sulama düzeyleri (% 100, % 66, % 33) oluşturulmuştur. Sulamalar pamuk bitkisinin sulama yönünden kritik olarak kabul edilen tarak oluşumu, çiçeklenme, meyve bağlama ve kozaların açılmaya başlama dönemi olmak üzere 4 dönemde yapılmıştır. Denemede ortalama en yüksek verim 407 kg/da ile büyüme mevsimi boyunca su eksikliği olmayan K10 konusundan sağlanmıştır. En az su alan K12 konusunda ise ortalama pamuk kütlü verimi (366 kg/da) en az olmuştur. Konulara ve sulama düzeylerine bağlı olarak 167-666 mm arasında değişen miktarlarda sulama suyu uygulanmıştır. Mevsimlik su tüketimi ise 459-974 mm arasında değişmiştir. Bitki su tüketimi ile verim arasında doğrusal bir ilişki elde edilmiştir. Toplam su kullanım randımanı değerleri, 0.493-0.766 kg/da/mm arasında hesaplanmıştır. Oransal bitki su tüketimi eksikliği ile oransal verim azalması arasındaki ilişkiden elde edilen verim azalma oranı (k) toplam büyüme mevsimi için 0.25 olarak belirlenmiştir.The aim of this research is to determine cotton water-yield functions irrigated by sprinkler irrigation method underAydın Plain conditions during the years of 1999-2000. Different irrigation levels (100 %, 66 %, 33 %) were created using a line source sprinkler irrigation system. The applications of four irrigation were done at specific growth stages, which are very sensitive to water stres of cotton; bud formation, flowering, boll formation and opening of boll stages in growing season. The highest average yield with 407 kg/da was obtained from the nonstressed treatment (K ) during the growing season. The lowest yield with 366 kg/da was obtained from the lowest irrigated treatment (K ). Irrigation water was applied ranging from 167 to 666 mm depending on the treatments and irrigation levels. Seasonal evapotranspiration values varied between 459 and 974 mm. A linear relationship between the seasonal evapotranspiration and the yield was determined.Water use efficiency values were between 0.493 and 0.766 kg/da/mm. The yield response factor (k ) was 0.25 in the relationship between the relative evapotranspiration deficit and the relative yield reduction for total growing season

Determination of water production functions of silage maize under different irrigation regimes

Pioneer 31Y43 ve Dekalb C-955 mısır çeşitleri ile yapılan bu çalışma 2007-2008 yılları arasında, Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliğinde yürütülmüştür. Araştırma tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre üç tekerrürlü ve iki faktörlü olarak yürütülmüştür. Denemelerde 3 gün aralıklarında A sınıfı buharlaşma kabından oluşan birikimli buharlaşmanın % 0, % 30, % 70 ve % 100'nün karşılandığı dört su düzeyi incelenmiştir. Uygulanan sulama konuları yeşil ot verimi üzerine etkili olmuştur. Çeşitlere göre mevsimlik bitki su tüketimi 92.3-695 mm arasında değişmiştir. Ortalama yeşil ot verimi ise 1693.8-7028.9 kg/da arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek verim su kısıtı uygulanmayan P konusundan 4 sağlanmıştır. Verim ile mevsimlik su tüketimi arasında ikinci dereceden eşitlikler elde edilmiştir. İki yıllık ortalama değerlere göre, verim tepki etmeni (ky) sırasıyla 0.75 (P31Y43) ve 0.79 (C-955) olarak belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, su kaynağının yeterli olduğu koşullarda sulama suyu ihtiyacının tam karşılandığı P konusunun 4 uygun olacağı; diğer taraftan su kaynağının sınırlı olduğu koşullarda ise P konusunun uygun olacağı sonucuna 3 varılabilir.The study with Pioneer 31Y43 and Dekalb C-955 corn hybrid have been conducted in the fields of the Research and Application Farm of Faculty of Agriculture at Adnan Menderes University, during the years of 2007 and 2008. Experiment was set up out in split plot design with two factors and three replications. In the trials, irrigation water was applied to treatments as 0 %, 30 %, 70 % and 100 % of three days cumulative evaporation from Class A Pan. Water applied in different level influenced forage yields in different manner.. The seasonal evapotranspiration values ranged from 92.3 to 695 mm in the treatments. The average forage yield varied from 1693.8 to 7028.9 ka/da. Highest yield was obtained from the well irrigation treatment P . Significant second order 4 relations were found for forage yield and seasonal evapotranspiration. Yield response factor (ky) value of 0.75 - 0.79 were determined based on averages of two years. As a result, the P treatment (full irrigated) could be used 4 under no water shortage. On the other hand, the P treatment could be used in semiarid regions where irrigation 3 water supplies are limited

Quality control and homogeneity of annual precipitation data in Büyük Menderes Basin, Turkey

Precipitation is one of the most impotant climatic factors affecting agricultural production. Knowledge about spatial variability of precipitation amount over an agricultural area, its temporal change not only throughout a year but also over long-term span, start, end and length of rainy period, risk of wet and dry periods would be needed for appropriate agricultural planning and water management issues. However, analysis of long-term precipitation data for various purposes to be accurate, precipitation data must be homogeneous. It is defined that, as for other climatic time series, a homogeneous precipitation time series is to be affected by only natural weather and climatic conditions. Non-climatological factors such as changes in instrument, relocation of station, changes in observation practices make any climatic time series inhomogeneous. In this study, a quality control process involving outlier trimming and homogeneity checking were applied to 20 annual precipitation time series of various lenghts in Buyuk Menderes Basin, Turkey. Homogeneity analysis were performed using the Pettitt test and the Buishand range test. The results of the tests showed that 8 out of 20 stations can be considered to be inhomogeneous whose change points were found to be significant at 5% level by either one or both tests

Performance benchmarking in irrigation and drainage systems

Due to the rapid growth in world population, increasing numbers of people especially those who are living in arid and semi-arid regions are suffering from shortage of water and food, and this is the driving force for improving irrigation and drainage systems’ efficiency. As irrigated agriculture is a consumer for over 75% of world fresh water supplies, using the water allocated to the agricultural sector more efficient and then releasing the surplus of water for other sectors’ use seems to be the only solution for coping with water scarcity. Irrigation and drainage infrastructure is the indispensable element of irrigated agriculture. The level of irrigation and drainage services maintained in the irrigation area is directly affecting the quantity of crop production. Improving irrigation system efficiency / performance in aspects of Management - Operation - Maintenance (MOM) tasks has become a major concern for stakeholders and system managers, but monitoring and evaluating the performance of irrigation systems by using performance indicators have been a major concern for the researchers in this area. The term “Irrigation system performance evaluation” refers to what extent the targets and objectives have been achieved. Benchmarking implies comparison either internally with previous performance and desired future targets, or externally against similar organizations, or organizations performing similar functions. The overall aim of benchmarking is to improve the performance of an organization as measured against its mission and objectives. This paper emphasizes on the concept of benchmarking and its applications in irrigation and drainage systems

Effects of different ırrigation ıntervals and levels on fiber quality and some yield characteristics of cotton

Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Araştırma ve Uygulama Çiftliğinde 2003 ve 2004 yıllarında yürütülen bu çalışmada, pamukta farklı sulama aralığı ve düzeylerinin bazı verim özellikleri (bitki boyu, koza sayısı, 100 tohum ağırlığı, çırçır randımanı) ile lif kalitesi (lif inceliği, lif uzunluğu, lif mukavemeti,) üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Araştırma üç tekerrürlü ve iki faktörlü tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre kurulmuştur. Denemelerde 4 ve 8 gün aralıklarında A sınıfı buharlaşma kabından oluşan birikimli buharlaşmanın % 33, % 67 ve % 100’ünün karşılandığı üç farklı damla sulama rejimi incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, gerek sulama aralığı gerekse de sulama düzeyi çırçır randımanı ve lif mukavemeti dışında diğer tüm verim komponentleri ile lif kalite özellikleri üzerine önemli düzeyde etkili olmuştur. Her iki sulama aralığında en yüksek sulama suyu % 100 konusuna uygulanmıştır. Mevsimlik bitki su tüketimi değerleri 2003 yılında 313 mm-650 mm arasında değişirken 2004 yılında 249 mm-603 mm arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek ve en düşük kütlü verimi sırasıyla 8 gün sulama aralığında yer alan %100 ve % 33 konularından ortalama 5508 kg ha-1 ve 3419 kg ha-1 olarak elde edilmiştir.This research was conducted to determine the effect of different irrigation intervals and levels on some yield parameters (plant height, number of bolls per plant, 100 seed weight, lint percentage) and fiber quality parameters (fiber thickness, fiber length, fiber strength) of cotton in the Research and Application Farm of Faculty of Agriculture at Adnan Menderes University during the years of 2003 and 2004. Experiment was set up out in randomized plot design with two factors and three replications. Trials comprised of two irrigation intervals (4-day and 8-day) and three different drip irrigation regimes (100, 67 and 33 % of cumulative Class-A pan evaporation on a 4-day and 8-day basis) were investigated. According to the research results, both irrigation intervals and irrigation levels significantly influenced the yield components and fiber quality parameters, except lint percentage and fiber strength. The highest irrigation water level was applied to the full irrigation treatment (100 %) for both irrigation intervals. Seasonal water use values in the treatments varied from 313 mm to 650 mm in 2003 and 249 mm to 603 mm in 2004. Maximum and minimum seed cotton yield were obtained from the 8-day 100 % and 8-day 33 % treatments as averaging 5508 kg ha-1 and 3419 kg ha-1, respectively

Determination of crop water stress index (CWSI) of second crop corn in a semiarid climate

This study was carried out to determine the relationship between the canopy-air temperature differential and vapor pressure deficit (VPD), which can be used to quantify the crop water stress index (CWSI) under fully irrigated ( 100 %) and maximum water stress (0 %) conditions of furrow irrigated corn. The effects of five different irrigation levels (100, 70, 50, 30 and 0 % replenishment of soil water depleted from the 0.90 m soil profile depth) on corn yields and the resulting CWSI were investigated. The highest yield and total water use were obtained under fully irrigated corn plots (100 % replenishment of soil water depleted). The trends in CWSI values were consistent with the soil water content induced by deficit irrigation. CWSI increased with increased soil water deficit. An average CWSI of 0.22 before irrigation time provided the highest grain corn yield. The yield was directly correlated with seasonal mean CWSI values and a second order polynomial equation “Y = 59258CWSI2 -72051CWSI +24060” can be used to predict the grain yield of corn as a second crop under the semiarid climate